Sources
S10 — HowToCook(程序员做饭指南):仓库总览
URL: https://github.com/Anduin2017/HowToCook
- authority: authoritative-guide
- supports: 第 1、6 课:把菜谱写成可量化、无歧义流程的范式:精确到克与毫升的用量、按份数计算、明确写出的熟度判据。一个社区维护的中文烹饪指南(GitHub 十万+ star,Unlicense 公有领域授权),刻意用「清晰精准的描述」为程序员而写。
- key-fact: 菜谱统一组织为「必备原料和工具」「计算」(按份数)「操作」(编号步骤)三段,与本课教学员用来读任何菜谱的解剖结构一致。
S11 — HowToCook:西红柿炒鸡蛋
- authority: authoritative-guide
- supports: 第 4、6 课:终点菜的交叉核对用量与熟度判据:每份约 180 g 西红柿和 1.5 个鸡蛋、每个鸡蛋 4 ml 油、每份 1.5-2 g 盐、西红柿块边长不超过 4 cm、从备菜到出锅约 15 分钟。
- key-fact: 「西红柿 = 1 个(约 180g) * 份数」;「食用油 = 4ml * 鸡蛋/个」;鸡蛋翻炒「至鸡蛋结为固体且颜色微微发黄」,西红柿煮「至西红柿软烂」。
S12 — HowToCook:学习炒与煎
- authority: authoritative-guide
- supports: 第 3 课:热锅凉油的防粘方法、判断油是否烧热,以及油的安全规则。
- key-fact: 先干烧空锅,再倒入凉油旋转挂满锅底;看到油上方有气体流动即表示油已烧热。「倒油入锅前,务必确认锅的内部没有残余水份」(水会导致热油飞溅,造成危险),以及「若油锅起火,切不可倒水灭火」,应关火并盖上锅盖。
S1 — The Woks of Life: Chinese Tomato Egg Stir-fry
URL: https://thewoksoflife.com/stir-fried-tomato-and-egg/
- authority: authoritative-guide
- supports: 第 1、6 课:两段式做法(先炒鸡蛋并立刻盛出,再炒西红柿,最后合并),可用的参考量(4 个鸡蛋、约 500 g 西红柿、共 3 汤匙油、2 茶匙糖),以及「先备料、后开火」的菜谱结构。
- key-fact: "Scramble the eggs and remove from the wok immediately. Set aside." 西红柿与葱花配糖、盐和少量水单独炒至软烂,炒好的鸡蛋只在最后回锅。该站由 Leung 一家(Sarah、Kaitlin、Judy、Bill)运营,出版过纽约时报畅销菜谱书,曾获 James Beard 奖提名。
S2 — Wikipedia: Mise en place
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_en_place
- authority: encyclopedia
- supports: 第 1 课:mise en place(备菜就位)的定义,及其作为「开火前完成的职业备餐纪律」的角色。
- key-fact: Mise en place 是法语烹饪用语,意为「放置到位」;"It refers to the setup required before cooking, and is often used in professional kitchens to refer to organizing and arranging the ingredients ... that a cook will require for the menu items that are expected to be prepared during a shift."
S3 — Wüsthof: The Best Way to Hold a Knife
URL: https://wusthof.com/blogs/the-chefs-table/the-best-way-to-hold-a-knife
- authority: authoritative-guide
- supports: 第 2 课:拇指搭在刀面上的捏刀法,以及保护扶菜手的爪形手法。
- key-fact: "Rest your thumb on the flat side of the blade closest to the bolster; it will act as a guide and help stabilize the knife." 关于另一只手:"To create the claw grip, simply curl the fingers of your non-dominant hand slightly toward your non-dominant palm to create a claw-like shape."
S4 — Wikipedia: Maillard reaction
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillard_reaction
- authority: encyclopedia
- supports: 第 3 课:上色在化学上是什么,以及它快速进行的温度区间。
- key-fact: 美拉德反应是 "a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars to create melanoidins, the compounds that give browned food its distinctive flavor",并且 "typically proceeds rapidly from around 140 to 165 °C (280 to 330 °F)"。
S5 — Wikipedia: Stir frying
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_frying
- authority: encyclopedia
- supports: 第 1、2、3、6 课:大火加持续翻动、把食材切成统一大小,以及按烹饪时长分批下料。
- key-fact: 炒是把食材 "fried in a small amount of very hot oil while being stirred or tossed in a wok"。食材切成大致相同的大小和形状以便均匀受热,并按顺序下锅(最耐煮的先下),让所有东西同时炒好。
S6 — Wikipedia: Seasoning
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasoning
- authority: encyclopedia
- supports: 第 4 课:调味是为了什么,以及盐用对了的标志。
- key-fact: 调味是 "the process of supplementing food via herbs, spices, and/or salts, intended to enhance a particular flavour"。盐 "may be used to draw out water, or to magnify a natural flavor of a food making it richer or more delicate"。"When seasonings are used properly, they cannot be tasted; their job is to heighten the flavors of the original ingredients."
S7 — Wikipedia: Danger zone (food safety)
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_zone_(food_safety)
- authority: encyclopedia
- supports: 第 5 课:细菌快速繁殖的温度带,以及食物停留其中的时间上限。
- key-fact: 美国食品安全检验局把危险温度带定义为约 4 到 60 °C(40 到 140 °F);"food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed",且细菌在区间中段(约 21 到 47 °C,即 70 到 117 °F)增殖最快。
S8 — Wikipedia: Doneness
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doneness
- authority: encyclopedia
- supports: 第 5 课:熟度作为「肉煮到什么程度」的量尺、为什么颜色不是安全指标、余温续熟,以及 USDA 对整块肉与绞肉的温度要求。
- key-fact: 熟度是 "a gauge of how thoroughly cooked a cut of meat is based on its color, juiciness, and internal temperature"。USDA 指南认为 "color and texture indicators are not reliable";整块牛肉、小牛肉、羊肉到 145 °F(63 °C)并静置至少几分钟,绞肉到 160 °F(71 °C),因为绞碎会把表面细菌带进内部,并且 "the interior of a cut of meat will still increase in temperature by 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) after it is removed from an oven or other heat source"。
S9 — CIDRAP (University of Minnesota): USDA — 165 degrees is magic number for safe poultry
URL: https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/campylobacter/usda-165-degrees-magic-number-safe-poultry
- authority: authoritative-guide
- supports: 第 5 课:禽肉唯一的安全中心温度。
- key-fact: USDA 宣布禽肉烹至 165 °F(74 °C)即可确保安全:这一温度可杀灭沙门氏菌("the most heat resistant pathogen of public health concern in raw poultry"),以及弯曲杆菌和禽流感病毒。发布方为明尼苏达大学传染病研究与政策中心(CIDRAP)。